Map That Changed the World

by Simon Winchester

Once again, Winchester brings to life an obscure historical figure almost completely forgotten over the years. Smith worked as an engineer at a time when canal growth was booming in England -- experienced men were needed to determine the most practical route each canal should take. As he surveyed, he noticed that the rocks were arranged in layers, each layer containing a unique set of fossils. He quickly realized what this meant: The Earth must be far older than the 4,004 years commonly thought to be true, as taught by the Bible.

For the next 20 years, Smith traveled throughout England, accumulating rocks and fossils -- creating one of the largest collections ever -- while planning the creation of a huge hand-painted map that would show the arrangement of the various layers. In 1815, his map was produced, at great personal expense.

Four years later, he was thrown into debtor's prison, and swindled out of his meager profits. He was deemed too "unpolished and ill-educated" to gain entry into the Geological Society, a snub that devastated him. Worst of all, his carefully and painstakingly created map was then plagiarized by a "gentleman," George Bellas Greenough -- a sitting member of both the House of Commons and the Geological Society, immensely wealthy and powerful.

Smith's struggles to revive his good name and, ultimately, receive the acclaim of his geological peers make for compelling reading -- and another triumph for Simon Winchester. (Nicholas Sinisi)

Nicholas Sinisi is the Barnes and Noble.com History Editor.

Genres: History, Nonfiction, Science, Biography, Geology, Geography, Audiobook

352 pages, Mass Market Paperback

First published July 5, 2001

About the author

Simon Winchester, OBE, is a British writer, journalist and broadcaster who resides in the United States. Through his career at The Guardian, Winchester covered numerous significant events including Bloody Sunday and the Watergate Scandal. As an author, Simon Winchester has written or contributed to over a dozen nonfiction books and authored one novel, and his articles appear in several travel publications including Condé Nast Traveler, Smithsonian Magazine, and National Geographic.

In 1969, Winchester joined The Guardian, first as regional correspondent based in Newcastle upon Tyne, but was later assigned to be the Northern Ireland Correspondent. Winchester's time in Northern Ireland placed him around several events of The Troubles, including the events of Bloody Sunday and the Belfast Hour of Terror.

After leaving Northern Ireland in 1972, Winchester was briefly assigned to Calcutta before becoming The Guardian's American correspondent in Washington, D.C., where Winchester covered news ranging from the end of Richard Nixon's administration to the start of Jimmy Carter's presidency. In 1982, while working as the Chief Foreign Feature Writer for The Sunday Times, Winchester was on location for the invasion of the Falklands Islands by Argentine forces. Suspected of being a spy, Winchester was held as a prisoner in Tierra del Fuego for three months.

Winchester's first book, In Holy Terror, was published by Faber and Faber in 1975. The book drew heavily on his first-hand experiences during the turmoils in Ulster. In 1976, Winchester published his second book, American Heartbeat, which dealt with his personal travels through the American heartland. Winchester's third book, Prison Diary, was a recounting of his imprisonment at Tierra del Fuego during the Falklands War and, as noted by Dr Jules Smith, is responsible for his rise to prominence in the United Kingdom. Throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s, Winchester produced several travel books, most of which dealt with Asian and Pacific locations including Korea, Hong Kong, and the Yangtze River.

Winchester's first truly successful book was The Professor and the Madman (1998), published by Penguin UK as The Surgeon of Crowthorne. Telling the story of the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary, the book was a New York Times Best Seller, and Mel Gibson optioned the rights to a film version, likely to be directed by John Boorman.

Though Winchester still writes travel books, he has repeated the narrative non-fiction form he used in The Professor and the Madman several times, many of which ended in books placed on best sellers lists. His 2001 book, The Map that Changed the World, focused on geologist William Smith and was Whichester's second New York Times best seller. The year 2003 saw Winchester release another book on the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary, The Meaning of Everything, as well as the best-selling Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded. Winchester followed Krakatoa's volcano with San Francisco's 1906 earthquake in A Crack in the Edge of the World. The Man Who Loved China (2008) retells the life of eccentric Cambridge scholar Joseph Needham, who helped to expose China to the western world. Winchester's latest book, The Alice Behind Wonderland, was released March 11, 2011.
- source Wikipedia

Reviews

[Trevor · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is the third Winchester book I’ve read in quick succession and I’m almost tempted to say that they just get better and better – except they probably don’t. I think they are all equally good. This one is about the ‘father of English Geology’. If the advance of knowledge really does depend on the geniuses who can see patterns where for the rest of us see only chaos – then William Smith is precisely that kind of genius: a man who ‘gets it’ and forever changes how we see the world.

I’ll admit it. I’m partial to stories where the good guy wins out in the end – particularly after being faced with absurd odds. I even like stories where the guy gets the girl (or vice versa). And this book does end ‘happily even after’ – except…

I didn’t come away from this book feeling particularly good about humanity. Especially not that section of humanity that is the ‘upper class’. As Winchester says during the book, it was almost as if the rich felt Smith needed to be taught a lesson for having the audacity of being both lower class and having worked out the secrets of geology before his betters.

Why is it that so often – if one person has power over another person – the favourite game of those with power is humiliation? Smith was remarkably lucky in many respects – I mean, he ended up with a pension and with general respect – but for years he suffered and virtually no one lifted a finger to help him. And isn’t that the problem with systems of patronage? Even when all is done as stipulated and required one is left dangling at the whim of the patron.

The humiliations Smith had to endure – most evident with the treatment meted out to him around the forced sale of his precious fossil collection – and the ‘costs’ to him of these humiliations (I mean costs in the literal sense and not just to his pride) were truly staggering.

If you think the world is about 6000 years old I really couldn’t recommend this book to you – but then, besides the Bible, I couldn’t recommend any book to you. For everyone else, this really is an intensely interesting and deeply moving work.

I’ve said it before – how is it possible that none of this guy’s books have been made into TV programmes? I’ve heard his talking books and I reckon he could be the David Attenborough of Geology and Lexicography. And if there is one thing the world definitely needs it is more David Attenboroughs. Come on BBC – get your finger out.

[Paul Weiss · Rating 3 out of 5]

The history of geological discovery moves as slowly as ... well, geology!

THE MAP THAT CHANGED THE WORLD is the biographical story of William Smith, the father of the modern science of geology and the creator of the world's first geological map of Great Britain. There is no questioning Smith's brilliance or the courage and perseverance that he demonstrated in the face of both secular and religious opposition to his modern, forward thinking, brilliant ideas on the topics of evolution and the origins of geological strata.

But the fact remains that, unlike the story of Krakatoa or the San Francisco earthquake which Winchester told to his fans in such exciting fashion, geology is a topic that is inherently slow-moving and, frankly, dull as dirt (or perhaps one might say ... pulverized rock?) Oh sure, there are entertaining moments but, by and large, THE MAP THAT CHANGED THE WORLD is pretty slow-moving stuff and barely rises above the level of interesting. I'm a long-time fan of Winchester and his version of history but there's just no way I could suggest that this particular entry ever gets elevated to the level of "compelling".

Thank goodness for Winchester's detailed research, his wit and subtly British sense of humour and the power of his writing skills. Without those, THE MAP THAT CHANGED THE WORLD would have been doomed at the outset to remain an utter yawner. As it is, we'll compliment Winchester by categorizing it as interesting.

Recommended.

Paul Weiss

[Margitte · Rating 5 out of 5]

The official blurb says it the best:

"In 1793, a canal digger named William Smith made a startling discovery. He found that by tracing the placement of fossils, which he uncovered in his excavations, one could follow layers of rocks as they dipped and rose and fell -- clear across England and, indeed, clear across the world -- making it possible, for the first time ever, to draw a chart of the hidden underside of the earth. Determined to expose what he realized was the landscape's secret fourth dimension, Smith spent twenty-two years piecing together the fragments of this unseen universe to create an epochal and remarkably beautiful hand-painted map. But instead of receiving accolades and honors, he ended up in debtors' prison, the victim of plagiarism, and virtually homeless for ten years more. Finally, in 1831, this quiet genius -- now known as the father of modern geology -- received the Geological Society of London's highest award and King William IV offered him a lifetime pension.

The Map That Changed the World is a very human tale of endurance and achievement, of one man's dedication in the face of ruin. With a keen eye and thoughtful detail, Simon Winchester unfolds the poignant sacrifice behind this world-changing discovery.

MY COMMENTS:
Simon Winchester had William Smith's diaries to help him compile this detailed account of one man's struggle to open up the science of stratigraphy (geology). What should have been a joyous discovery, turned into one man's ceaseless war against his own humiliation and ill fortune, forced to waste his energies raging against the cheating and class discrimination that seemed, time and again, to frustrate him.

The author kept the interest in the tale alive with his conversational tone throughout. Statements like these, brought a smile to my face:

"It was left to the genial Irish prelate James Ussher, while he was bishop of Armagh, to fix the date with absolute precision. According to his workings, which he managed to convince his clerical colleagues were impeccably accurate, God had created the world and all its creatures in one swift and uninterrupted process of divine mechanics that began on the dot of the all-too-decent hour of 9 A.M., on a Monday, October 23, 4004 B.C."

Suffice to say, William Smith's birth, on March 23, 1769, in the cottage on the edge of the green in Churchill, Oxfordshire, took place, according to their implacably held beliefs, exactly 5,772 years, four months, and sixteen days after the creation of the world. He was the first son of the local blacksmith in the hamlet of Churchill.

It is within this social mileu that William Smith, with his interest in fossils and rocks, would draw up the first geological map of England and change the world of science forever.

"It was a document that was to change the face of a science—indeed, to create a whole new science—to set in train a series of scientific movements that would lead, eventually, to the inquiries of Charles Darwin, to the birth of evolutionary theory, and to the burgeoning of an entirely new way for human beings to view their world and their universe. The inevitable collision between the new rationally based world of science and the old ecclesiastical, faith-directed world of belief was about to occur—and in the vanguard of the new movement, both symbolically and actually, was the great map, and now this equally enormous atlas that John Cary of the Strand was about to publish, and the revolutionary thinking that lay behind their making."

A fascinating biography of a brilliant man. He did not have class, or money, or the right address, but he had the nerve to persist and win.

Captivating. Entertaining. Excellent.

To view a bigger version of the map CLICK HERE

[Jay Schutt · Rating 3 out of 5]

This book turned out to be something that I wasn't much interested in after all. But, it was interesting none the less. It was well-researched and well-written and deserved a better rating, maybe by someone interested in geology.


It was about Englishman William Smith who was a common man with no wealth or title. He dedicated his life to mapping the underground of England during the Age of Enlightenment . His findings became very beneficial to the economy of England, but he gained little fame or fortune because of his class status. He ended up in debtors prison and only afterwards did he get the recognition he deserved. Then came the collision of religious beliefs and scientific reasoning with the discovery of fossils.

[Howard · Rating 5 out of 5]

5 Stars for The Map That Changed The World (audiobook) By Simon Winchester read by the author. This is one of my favorite nonfiction books. This is the story of the science of geology being discovered. This is about William Smith creating the first geographical map of Britain. And this new science was starting to challenge the church’s view that the earth was only a few thousand years old.

[Patrick · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a very interesting story poorly told. The preface and the first chapter (both) tell the whole story in a nutshell, and the rest of the book goes on to fill out the details in an awkward, often overblown manner. The story is however quite compelling, about the dramatic life of William Smith, the first person to understand, survey and then map the stratification of rocks in England, thereby establishing modern geology.

His is a cautionary tale for would be entrepreneurs that are not from the moneyed classes (yes we still have them just they did in early 19th C. England). His reactions to continual snubbing by the upper classes and theft of his IP reminded me of more than one would-be startup CEO: overspending and overreaching in an attempt to play with the big boys of finance.

If you can deal with Winchester's arch prose, it is worth the read. Ideally, someone would write one of those longish pieces in the New Yorker about the story - that is really all the material there really is, and a better written narrative would do the subject considerable benefit.

[N.B. I read a reviewers' draft that might have been somewhat rougher than final copies - I can only hope so].

[Rossdavidh · Rating 3 out of 5]

Simon Winchester is here to tell a good story, and he largely succeeds. He is, however, perhaps just a little too in love with the story he wants to tell us, and perhaps a little too eager to find a good villain as a foil for his hero.

The hero, a real fellow, was William Smith, regarded by some as the father of the science of geology. He was born to working class parents, and nonetheless managed to work his way up to the point where he could (and did) figure out how the layers of the earth beneath the isle of Britain were arranged. He then went on to make a map (the one referenced in the book title) which demonstrated how to present this information in a comprehensible way.

This was important because, once you have demonstrated that the same kinds of fossils are found in the same layers in the same order in various different parts of the British Isles, it doesn't take too long to start thinking that maybe that's because they were laid down one at a time. That brings up the awkward possibility that these fossils, different ones characteristic of different layers, might represent long ago times when there were different sorts of plants and animals on Earth than there are now. For some time, even people like miners who saw these layers on a regular basis were essentially unable or unwilling to see what was in front of them, because they had been told that was not the way things worked. It took someone to be the first to believe what they were seeing, and travel about to many different places to see that it was the same (or similar) pattern everywhere. William Smith was willing to see what was in front of him, and say so plainly and openly.

It's all good stuff. Smith came from humble beginnings, had intellectual breakthroughs which paved the way for things like Darwin's theory of evolution, encountered class biases that caused him great suffering but never quite beat him, went bankrupt and even spent a bit of time in debtors prison, before finally later in life emerging triumphant and being acknowledge by a younger generation of geologists as the father of their field. It's a nice tale, all the better for being true, but it does lack something: a good villain.

The truth is, Smith's main enemy was the diffuse one of "class bias", and this manifested not primarily in snobbishness towards him by the dilettantes who were the majority of geologists in his day (though there was, no doubt, plenty of snobbishness). Smith's main problem was his excessive desire to crack his way into that elite. He had attractive offers to practice his craft in both Russia and the United States, either one of which would have made him a wealthy man. He turned down both, and continued to spend money on both a London address that he could not afford and a country estate he did not need. He did this, probably not for any reason of greed or vanity (he seems to have been most interested in spending his time looking at fossils), but rather because he was trying to pretend that he was from a class where this was normal. No doubt, he was held back and done poorly by the class biases of his time, but the biggest wounds he suffered from it were that he seems to have internalized them.

But, while Winchester's attempts to cast George Bellas Greenough (founder of the Geological Society) as the villain of Smith's heroic tale fall flat, it is not such a grievous flaw as to ruin the book. Smith seems to have been an amiable fellow, and it is a pleasant enough time to spend some hours in his company as he struggles through his life, all the better for ending in a happy old age.

There is a postscript to the edition I read, Winchester relates additional happy endings which took place after the first edition was published. Both the (giant) map that Smith made, and the museum that was made to his design in Scarborough late in his life, received additional attention (and some renovation), because people in a position to do so had read Winchester's book and as a result became interested in William Smith.

All in all, a pleasant and interesting read, if not the tale of good and evil that Winchester occasionally tried to make it.

[Joy D · Rating 4 out of 5]

Biography of William Smith and story of how he compiled the first geological map of England, Wales, and part of Scotland in the early 1800s. Smith was beset by a number of problems in his life. His wife suffered from mental health issues, others took credit for his work, and he ended up in debtor’s prison. The author portrays how Smith’s map served as the beginning of the science of geology. It is a fascinating account of a lesser-known person and event that brings together science and history. I always enjoy Simon Winchester’s writing.

[Allison · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a thorough, engaging recounting of a fascinating historical figure whose late-recognised contributions to society paved the way for future revolutionary theories. William Smith, the Father of English Geology, is brought to life on the pages as a fully-fleshed man of depth and determination. Hardworking and with the ability to understand the stratigraphical evidence before him, Smith struggled against the antagonists of ecclesiastical belief and strict class structure. The politics, economics, and ingenuity of the Industrial Revolution are explored, and Smith’s work was right in the midst of the dynamic cultural shift from religious ideology to scientific reasoning. While the reading is disjointed chronologically at times, this fascinating biography is filled with primary source material and written with impeccable attention to detail and sly wit.

[Will Byrnes · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is the tale of William Smith, the first guy to create a geologic map. He identified the strata that makes up what comprises the ground for quite a ways down and figured out that it was standard. The story is an interesting one, about a poor bastard beset by the rich types who stole his work and denied him the credit he so deserved, to the point where the guy actually was consigned to debtor’s prison. His social life was even less successful. Late in life he married a much younger woman of fragile psychological stability. She was an added burden. Her maladies included nymphomania. This is not a book for the average reader. Perhaps a geeky orientation might be desirable to truly enjoy this book. And I found that it sagged towards the end. I would recommend it, but not to just anyone.

[Kirsty · Rating 4 out of 5]

Despite having read and very much enjoying Simon Winchester’s The Alice Behind Wonderland, about Alice Liddell, the inspiration for Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, it has taken me an awfully long time to pick up another book of his. I bought The Map That Changed the World: A Tale of Rocks, Ruin and Redemption from a Salvation Army bookshop a couple of years ago, intending to read it immediately, and for some reason it has languished on my to-read shelf ever since.

The Map That Changed the World became an international bestseller following its publication in 2001, on the two-hundredth anniversary of Smith’s first map. The Spectator declares ‘Winchester is the perfect narrator for this lovely story of success against the odds’. The Financial Times calls the book ‘a fascinating tribute to the man who put the unseen world of the underground on display’, and the New Statesman comments ‘this is what a model of popular history can be.’

The Map That Changed the World tells the true story of William Smith. Though he was ‘not rich or well-connected’, his passion for fossils and ‘his twenty-year obsession with single-handedly mapping the geology of Britain’ mark him out as a man who should be praised. Smith, however, pursued his interests at great personal cost; his wife suffered madness, and his work was stolen by jealous men who eventually pushed him into ruin. Although Smith became ‘one of the most significant men of the nineteenth century’, he is largely forgotten in the modern world.

‘Strata’ Smith, as Winchester occasionally calls him, was a man who ‘crossed boundaries of class, wealth and science to produce a map that fundamentally changed the way we view the world.’ His first map was produced in 1801, and a revised version appeared in 1815. This later map hangs behind ‘a pair of huge sky-blue velvet curtains’ in Burlington House, London. It measures over eight by six feet, and is ‘the work of a craftsman, lovingly done, the culmination of years of study, months of careful labour.’ This was the first geological map of anywhere in the world, which alone ‘heralded the beginnings of a whole new science… It is a map that laid the foundations of a field of study that culminated in the work of Charles Darwin.’

Smith’s output is remarkable for many a reason. Not only did he create the first geological map in the world, but he did so entirely by himself. In his prologue, Winchester writes: ‘All the Herculean labours that were involved in the mapping of the imagined underside of an entire country were accomplished not by an army or a legion or a committee or a team, but by the lone individual who finally put his signature to the completed document: William Smith, then forty-six years old, the orphaned son of the village blacksmith from the unsung hamlet of Churchill in Oxfordshire.’

In The Map That Changed the World, Winchester has conducted his own research into Smith and the social and scientific climate in which he lived. He has also included fragments of Smith’s diaries and letters, in order to present a portrait of a ‘long-forgotten man’. Winchester opens his account in 1819, when Smith is released from a London debtor’s prison known as the King’s Bench. The author both sets the scene and captures Smith for his readers immediately: ‘Some less-charitable souls might call him a rather plain-looking man, perhaps even a little ugly. His forehead slants backwards, a trifle alarmingly. His nose is rather too large for comfort. His mutton-chop whiskers are wayward. But in most of the pictures he seems to be wearing an expression that serves by way of compensation for the facial shortcomings: he seems by his looks at once tolerant, kindly and perhaps even vaguely amused by the dull complexities of his life.’

Winchester’s commentary then shifts backward in time to examine Smith’s life. He was born at the beginning of a period of immense change, in most fields. Winchester writes: ‘And when Smith was born, the rate and scale of alteration to society was such that even those in so small and isolated a settlement as Churchill, Oxfordshire, would be bound to notice.’ It is this which impacts upon Smith, urging him to leave his tiny hamlet as soon as he is able, to go and work on designing a network of canals.

It was when Smith was employed at a mine near Bath that he really notices the differences in the rock structure of the earth. Winchester comments: ‘Smith could only stare at the junction between the rocks and wonder - why? How? How could one possibly make sense of such a bizarre arrangement?’ But make sense of it Smith did, refining his thoughts and research over time, and leading him to make a number of important, even pivotal, discoveries.

The Map That Changed the World appealed to me on so many levels. I am always keen to learn about figures who have been largely forgotten over the centuries, and knowing very little about Smith piqued my interest. I was also a keen collector of fossils as a child, and very much enjoy cartography too.

Here, Winchester has presented an engaging account of a man who so deserves to be remembered. He has included a wealth of extra information of interest to the reader, including a stratigraphical column with the timespan of each geological period; a glossary of terms; notes on sources; a list of recommended further reading; and an index. The frontispiece is adorned with a copy of Smith’s 1815 geological map. Winchester’s writing is engaging and highly accessible, and he wonderfully handles his primary material. Quite a dramatic tale in parts, The Map That Changed the World held my interest throughout, and whilst informative, it never felt overloaded with facts. Anyone remotely interested in cartography, geography, geology, or just the eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries, is bound to get a lot out of this wonderful book.

[Karina · Rating 3 out of 5]

William Smith was born into a world of dogma, faith, and certainty, into a conservative English society that his own discoveries and theories would one day help shake to its very foundations. (PG 11)

Interesting history, boring way to tell it. Fascinating guy, told about in a non compelling way. Geology is dense, not my thing but wasn’t horrible after all. The maps were also a great addition into the book. I always find it amusing when someone does something great or behaves in a righteous manner that there are always people out there trying to steal these ideas and/or trying to make these people look like whack jobs.

Randomly naming from the top of my head::: (not comparing the men)::: From Jesus to William Smith to Nikola Tesla to the end of time. Luckily, Jesus has His peeps, Nikola Tesla got his due (kind of) and someone out there decided that William Smith was the face of modern geology. These men all died poor because someone more powerful decided to destroy them but someone out there cared enough to expose the truth.

Anyway, that was the life of Smith. Fascinating because of history but boringly recanted.

[Lyn Elliott · Rating 3 out of 5]

Winchester's biography of William Smith, one of the 'fathers' of English geology, should sing with the joy of intellectual discovery, but doesn't quite get there for me.
From the start, Winchester flags the collapse of Smith's fortunes and the misappropriation of his findings by wealthier, better connected men than he. He builds anticipation of misfortune throughout until the bailiffs actually arrive and Smith is imprisoned for debt. When it actually happens it is almost a relief, as the long way down has been an exhausting journey.

For me, this overweighs excitement at the significance of Smith's realisations that the laying down of fossils in different strata of England's landscape marked the beginning of a modern scientific view of the earth's history as one marked by long periods of changing climate, flora and fauna; that species appeared and disappeared; and that the record of all these great changes lay in rocks and could be read.

This challenged creation myths of all faiths, and must have influenced Charles Darwin's thinking as he worked towards his theory of evolution. Winchester may have written about this, but I confess to skipping through sections on Smith's struggles, and may have missed it.

[Richard Newton · Rating 4 out of 5]

A well written account of the work of William Smith - a much mistreated but finally vindicated early and important geologist, perhaps even the first real geologist. Light science, biography, social history and a story with a happy ending. What’s not to like?

At times the author goes off on diversions, including the longest chapter in the book which has nothing to do with the core focus on William Smith, which makes one wonder if there were too few details to fill a whole book without some padding. But the padding is pleasant enough to be forgiven.

If you like historical narratives and easy to absorb science, worth a read.

[Kara Babcock · Rating 4 out of 5]

Rocks. They’re old.

Thank you for reading my review.

OK, I guess I’ll go into slightly more detail. In his phenomenal A Short History of Nearly Everything , Bill Bryson devotes slightly less than a page to William Smith and the first geological map of Britain. This is likely a result of Bryson (or his editors) striving in vain to meet that promise of being “short”. Bryson promises us a more “comprehensive” account in The Map That Changed the World. I didn’t actually find this book through A Short History of Nearly Everything; I only saw the reference when I went back to look up what Bryson has to say about Smith. One day I casually stumbled upon the story of William Smith, fossils, and rocks, and this seemed like the sensible book to buy in order to learn more. This guess largely turned out to be correct, with some minor quibbles and caveats.

Much like Longitude , another non-fiction book that I read recently, The Map That Changed the World is a semi-biographical look at the contributions of one man to a field of scientific study—in this case, geology. By definition it attributes to William Smith an importance that might be overstated, in the sense that English geology seemed to be doing fine without him and probably would have continued doing fine if he hadn’t come on the scene. Yet it’s true that Smith’s contributions are both important and, considering his background and his often penurious circumstances, all the more outstanding. If one wants to examine how one individual affected a scientific discipline, few choices would be more appropriate than William Smith.

Simon Winchester begins by describing Smith’s release from debtor’s prison before jumping back to his origins and start as a surveyor in rural England. As with most endeavours, Smith’s come to fruition through a careful combination of skill, hard work, and luck. Sometimes he’s in the right place at the right time to get a job that lets him travel around England, looking at layers of rock—such is the case with his position surveying for the new Somerset Canal. As Winchester unfolds Smith’s life before us, we get to see how the economics of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries played a role in shaping scientific inquiry. The vast, industrial scope of coal mining gave Smith both the access and the reason to delve deep beneath the Earth and look at layers of strata. More importantly, the rich upper class’ interest in being able to find coal before digging up their property provided an economic interest in Smith’s studies. Although it certainly seems like Smith was both clever and dedicated, I can’t help but form the impression that he also happened to be born at the right time, and in the right country. England, Winchester explains, was ripe for a revolution in scientific thinking. And Smith’s discovery that fossils are the key indicators of a rock’s type and age would begin that revolution.

If Smith is correct, then the Earth is not six thousand years old. It’s far, far older. This was not the popular view in Smith’s time and would not be for some time after his death—as Winchester is careful to point out, Smith himself did not care to go so far as to posit how or why stratification occurs the way it does. He just reported what he had observed, and used it to make useful predictions. But it was a start, a beginning in a chain of reasoning that would lead geologists to speculate that the Earth’s past extends into the millions and billions of years, and culminate in Charles Darwin publishing a controversial treatise about the origins of humankind.

The way that Smith and so many scientists clung to the Biblical interpretation of the origins and age of the Earth stayed on my mind as I read this book. Although I’m an atheist, I do not view science and religion as irreconcilable. However, people who subscribe to fundamentalism but also claim to be adherents of science do puzzle me. There are, to put it lightly, contradictions between these two schools of thought. And with science, as with fundamentalism, it seems to me that it is hypocritical to pick and choose. What makes science so enduring, so potent—dare I say, so sexy—is that everything is interconnected in incredibly complex and interesting ways. So Smith’s ideas lead inexorably to this idea that the Earth is much older than six thousand years. Our ability to calculate, now, things like the speed and direction of motion of planets and satellites and even stars lets us “turn the clock back”, so to speak, and look at the solar system thousands or even millions of years ago. Fundamentalists reject all these claims and come up with very creative ways of doing so. But many watch television. Many use cars. Many wear glasses and take medicine. These are all a result of the same science that tells us the Earth is ancient and the stars themselves gave us life. How can one accept all the more mundane marvels but reject the other ones and still claim to be consistent? (Obviously it’s very easy if one does not claim consistency, but for some reason people get offended when you go up to them, call them a hypocrite, and begin itemizing contradictions in their personal belief system….)

But I digress. The Map That Changed the World got me thinking about science, the nature of science and how we do science, as any good science history book should do. It also chronicles the difficulties Smith faced as he began working on his geological map. Some of these were difficulties of his own making—he lived as if he were well off and had a stable income, and he married a wife who was an emotional and financial burden. Some were a product of the still-rigid class system, wherein Smith was an uneducated country bumpkin, and upstart whose contributions should be overlooked whenever possible and stolen if not. The story of how George Greenough blocked Smith from membership in the fledgling Geological Society—which was, after all, just supposed to be a dinner club for gentlemen—and then plagiarized from Smith’s map to produce one of lesser utility on behalf of the Society is exactly the type of dirty scientific feud I love to read about. And Winchester delivers on all of these accounts.

I also loved reading about Smith’s dedication to this singular task. He travelled all across England and Wales to compile observations and evidence for this map! Granted, England isn’t quite as large as, say, Canada—but he did this on foot or by coach. And he had to go into the field, dig into the mud, get dirty, day after day for decades in order to get the data he required. For that alone he deserves a medal! A note about the map at the beginning of this book remarks that its similarity to modern maps is all the more impressive because it is the work of one man, whereas modern maps are the work of large, coordinated teams. This is a keen observation. Despite being terrible with money, unlucky in love, and reluctant to publish until it was almost too late, William Smith was a profoundly hard worker. I’m not quite certain I’m as eager to buy into Winchester’s attempts to turn this into a discussion over the gulf between fieldworkers and theorists, but at the very least, it made me, as an armchair mathematician extraordinaire, feel very lazy!

There are a few aspects of Winchester’s writing style that marred my otherwise unqualified enjoyment of this book. He is overly-enamoured of the passive voice. It kept reappearing, feeling very out of place by dint of Winchester’s attempt to give his account a sweeping, narrative arc. Also, while Winchester is very diligent about noting when we have evidence available to us and when something is mere speculation, he does like to indulge in considerable parenthetical digressions about what might have motivated Smith to do one thing or another. That is to say, he injects too many of his own conjectures and opinions about Smith for my own liking. I’m not sure how to say this without saying I would have preferred a drier account. I kept comparing Winchester unfavourably to Bryson, who always seems to manage to make the subject of his writing the focus of any sentence rather than his own thoughts on the matter.

This is a nicely designed book, with some cool illustrations, and my edition has a colour plate in the middle depicting a map. (Alas, it’s so small that the detail is almost indecipherable.) Yet it probably could have been shorter. Winchester includes an entire chapter that is nothing but an interlude describing his childhood fascination with fossils along the cliffs of Dover. It’s informative in its own way, and I suppose for some readers it might be the highlight of the book; for me, however, it was a distraction from the main story of William Smith. Coupled with Winchester’s tendency to hop through the chronology—occasionally in vexing ways—in order to highlight certain themes, thereby repeating or relating some facts more than once, and The Map That Changed the World is slightly long-winded.

Neither of these criticisms are enough to stop me from recommending this book to others, mind you. I’m not as certain I will read other things by Winchester, but I’ll take a look at his catalogue and see if anything else piques my interest. This is far from a perfect book, and there were times when I found my mind wandering to other topics or found myself cursing the overabundance of passive constructions. Overall, though, The Map That Changed the World is a detailed and passionate account of the life of William Smith and his contributions to English geology. It has its rough patches. But it promises to tell the story of how one map changed everything, and in this respect, the book definitely succeeds.

[CatReader · Rating 4 out of 5]

In The Map that Changed the World, British-American writer Simon Winchester writes about pioneering English geologist William Smith (1769-1839) and his stratigraphical map of England that traced geological strata using palaeontological evidence of rock layers and fossils found in different locations. Winchester skillfully sets up the social context of Smith's story -- how prior to Smith's time and the advent of modern geology, fossils found in England were thought not to be relics of England's geological past, but rather deliberately-staged relics by the Christian god, as the prevailing notion remained that the Earth was only a few thousand years old. Smith came from humble beginnings, which made it difficult for him to be accepted in academic circles of the day, which were largely comprised of upper class men whose familial wealth enabled pursuit of leisurely hobbies. Winchester writes extensively about the social bullying and mockery Smith faced, including being excluded from the Geological Society of London, having his work plagiarized, being snubbed in favor of mentees and collaborators, and, at a low point, being thrown into debtors' prison. Happily Smith did manage to receive recognition toward the end of his life, being awarded the inaugural Wollaston Medal (a prestigious award still presented to this day - which Winchester likens to a Nobel Prize for geology) by the Geological Society that had once spurned him.

This was an engaging, entertaining read, though I will note that Winchester is definitely comes off as a William Smith fanboy and apologist, rather than an impartial third party observer.

Further reading: science and progress in 18th and 19th century Europe
The Invention of Air by Stephen Johnson
The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic—and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World by Stephen Johnson
The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science by Richard Holmes
Blood in the Machine: The Origins of the Rebellion Against Big Tech by Bryan Merchant

My statistics:
Book 25 for 2025
Book 1951 cumulatively

[Victor Sonkin · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is an account of the life of William Smith, who more or less single-handedly, without any special means or education, and much against the spirit of the time (before Lyell, let alone Darwin) created and perfected the first geological map of Great Britain (minus Scotland, more or less); the map the book tells about was published in 1815, but recognition only came to Smith a generation later, when he received the first Wollaston medal (the first of its kind; to this day, this is more or less the equivalent of the Nobel prize in geology). The book is just as it presents itself and as it should be: clear, well told, with small but relevant digressions, well-researched and everything.

[BellaGBear · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is truly a beautifull homage for a man who gained recognition for his work very late in his own life. This is a scientific non-fiction book, but the way it is told it reads like a great adventure novel of the 'quest towards a geological map', which is in my opinion has been a very good choice to tell the story. Also it is obvious that the author is a fan of William Smith and his work which made this a very happy book to read because the author has so much compassions for Smith's trials.

Because of its adventurous vibe this book is very accesible also for readers who do not know anything about geology (like me). I do not pretend I understood the whole book, but the more technicial parts I could easily skip in favour of the story.

So recommended for everyone with a general like for science; maps; geology or everyone who loves a story with an adventurous, altough a bit naive, protagenist, betrayal and a fitting reward at the end for the good guy.

[cameron · Rating 4 out of 5]

Though the writing style is not quite what his other books have been, I have to give it 4 stars for a thoroughly interesting trek through the world of eccentric 19thC English science. I love this period's history of scientific exploration and the pure enthusiasm and fearlessness and determination of many of the explorations into hitherto unknown realms. Geology was practically brand new except for elite, upper class fossil, mineral and rock collectors who met occasionally at elaborate dinner parties and drank and talked but did little or no field studies.

Then along comes this nobody who for 20 years is crawling around engineered trenches and digging below the surfaces and who makes the most formative, huge, hand colored map of all of the British Isles and what lay beneath the green heath.

In come the aristocrats to discredit him.

Wonderful read.

[Gale · Rating 2 out of 5]

I have been reading this book for over a year. The story is fascinating. Winchester has the most irritating writing style I have ever encountered. It is hard to force myself to pick up the book. Sad, because William Smith and his geologic map of England mark an important milestone in the history of science. They are also important to understanding the development of the concept of deep time. Creationists are often stymied when they learn that Smith was able to use fossil species to place the rock strata in time order long before the theory of evolution by natural selection was even a gleam in Darwin's eye.

[zed · Rating 4 out of 5]

A fine read about an obscure individual who had a profound influence on the world of geology. I was loaned this and began reading expecting little but came away impressed.

[Kristi Thielen · Rating 5 out of 5]

I have read Simon Winchester’s superb book once before but reread it because the story of William Smith is so compelling.

The humbly-born Smith is widely regarded as the father of geology, and labored diligently in the early 19th century to learn about the geology of Great Britain and eventually create “The Great Map,” the original of which now hangs in the Burlington House, in London.

Smith’s science was far ahead of its time, when most earth “scientists” were wealthy dilletantes who scorned those, like Smith, who actually labored in the field to learn what they knew. And even these gentlemen were wedded to the Biblical idea of the earth’s age and unwilling to accept the deep time that Smith’s findings would support.

It would be churlish to overly criticize Smith’s poor decisions: a habit of buying homes and property he couldn’t keep up and a very ill-advised marriage; for his life was a series of frustrations and humiliations entirely out of his control. Snobbery, professional jealousy, associations that failed him and peers who stole his work led to a sad downfall.

But his life eventually takes a turn for the brighter and this makes his story a dramatic but satisfying one. In and around Smith’s life story, the author provides very readable and interesting detail about the geology of Great Britain and the beginnings of the science itself.

Highly recommended!

[Dov Zeller · Rating 4 out of 5]

When I was a New York manny (before moving to western MA to go to grad school) one of the families I worked for gave me this book. I think I was probably supposed to return it, but wound up having to leave NY in a hurry because of a health and then a housing situation. So I still have this on my non-fiction shelves and every once in a while pick it up and flip through the pages and think about the "discovery" (such a loaded and often unwieldy term) of the consistent and patterned behavior of earth's sedimentary layers and one man in particular who took that information and ran with it (though sometimes into walls and closed doors).

Many goodreads reviewers are less than satisfied with the delivery of this book, and I hear that. There are also some notices of misinformation. And others argue that there is enough substance in here for a pamphlet but not necessarily a book-length manuscript. I think all of these things are fair points to make, but I still found that the book was enjoyable and educational. So, somewhere between a 3 and a 4.

[Arend · Rating 2 out of 5]

A book that was simply too long, stuffed with asides, long lists, irrelevant “isn’t it a small world” anecdotes, repetitious foreshadowings; and in the middle a chapter devoted to an sentimental excursion by the author. The story is of interest, but the telling doesn’t help. The evangelical outbursts positing geology as the first crack between faith and science, the start of the dawn of a new age, are a bit much. The more since much is written from an engineer’s perspective, where use of land and resources and machinery are a thing of beauty, as long as it is cleverly done. The social aspects of history get short thrift: I’ve never read such an enraptured account of the enclosures in 18th century England; or of the canal digging frenzy. Contrast that with the love he lavishes on the rolling hills of England with its beautiful villages of charming cottages. The disdain for anything else is a bit ironic. In short: too long with not enough nuance to keep it interesting throughout. I’d rather have spent the time on the actual map.

[Rindis · Rating 3 out of 5]

I picked this up for cheap on Kindle some time ago, and meant to get to it a lot sooner than this. Especially as its part of an interesting period as our perception of how the world works.

Winchester is as some pains to show how much of a change in thought was going on. This informs the main subject, which is a biography of William Smith. Smith is quite definitely Winchester's big hero, and the source of his interest in geology. I've seen some complaints that Smith's role in a lot of this is overemphasized, but I'll have to leave that to people with a lot more knowledge than I. No matter how true that may be, much of the central focus is the map Smith produced, which is certainly a tour-de-force of applied practical knowledge and theory.

The most annoying point for me is yet another in medias res start to a popular history book. In this case, it centers Smith's incarceration in debtor's prison, or actually, when he gets out, and leaves London, where he's been trying to get contacts with the upper classes to spread knowledge of his ideas. Frankly, his life, as presented in order in the main book itself is interesting enough to not need this sort of thing, and the constant referrals back to this part that haunt the book are annoying.

There's quite a lot of extended asides during the book, which range in interest and presentation, but almost all are about painting the world around the subject (one chapter instead goes into Winchester's interest in geology, and serves as an intro to Smith's study of rocks instead). This is very effective in generating much needed context, which it should be, as it does occupy a fair amount of page count. But this combined approach is what makes this a good book worth reading, there's plenty in here that layers in more knowledge of the world.

[Baal Of · Rating 4 out of 5]

I like maps, and I have as far back as I can remember. As a kid I would linger over maps in the encyclopedia, particularly those maps that described terrain, geology, natural resources, etc. so I was bound to like this book, especially considering the dust jacket is a fold-out, full-color reproduction of the map under discussion. This book, with its somewhat hyperbolic title, is a mix of biography, history, and science, and it is particularly good reminder of just how rough and contentious the beginnings of a new area of science can be.
I found two primary scenes of conflict in this book: that between religion and scientific progress, and that between classes, specifically the moneyed elite vs the working class. Smith's work on understanding the actual age of the rocks and the fossils was considered ungodly since it contradicted the received wisdom of that age that the earth was about 6000 years old. and yet he allowed the evidence to guide his thought processes, collecting specimens, and organizing the data in such a way as to reveal the true age of the rocks, in good scientific fashion.
The other conflict played out in numerous ways, including the co-opting of original work by Smith, who was considered of lower class, by others who were in the upper class. The repeated spurning of Smith by the various Societies of the time was also a direct result of class stratification, only rectified very late in his life. Through it all shone the light of Smith's ceasing hard work, constant traveling, and collecting samples. His obsessive attention to detail when producing the actual map, which is a thing of beauty.
This story has perhaps too many details about Smith's personal life, for example his difficult marriage that from my perspective seemed pretty devoid of love, but for other readers these personal details probably make the story more poignant. Overall this book was satisfying and edifying, and I enjoyed learning something about this overlooked historical figure.

[Stephie Williams · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a book about William Smith who figured out that only certain fossils are found in certain strata, and you could use this information to created a vertical map of the earth underneath our feet or below ground. For this he used his surveying skills and multitudes of physical observations in the English countryside. His life was not so smooth. He went from employment to self-employment, which gave him more time and freedom to explore and study what he was finding. At times his jobs would bring in a nice bit of money, but not always. This eventually ended him up in debtor's prison because he could not keep up with his mortgages and rents. He was eventually let out of debtor’s prison, which were mild confinements compared to regular prisons, and slowly people started to recognize the importance of his work and the map that he worked for most of his life. Without him geology and evolutionary theory would have taken more time to become settled sciences.

I only have one comments on a part of the text. Brackets [] show page number with the Kindle edition pagination.

[173] In mentioning the delay of radiographic dating in relation to ammonite fossils he states, “. . . more or less exactly 178 million years ago.” (my italics) In seems exceedingly odd that you would use a phrase like “more or less” in combination with “exactly” for such a high figure. Anyway I got kick out of reading this.

Simon Winchester has written another very good book. It does not matter what his subject is he explains it well and perhaps writes even better. My favorites of his are the two on the making of the Oxford English Dictionary (the go to academic dictionary).

I think anybody who likes good writing would enjoy this book, unless they cannot stand the topic.

[Christian Molenaar · Rating 2 out of 5]

It’s a good thing Winchester can write a decent first draft since this book apparently never saw an editor, at least if it’s judged by the amount of typos across its pages. But while I wish I could say these surface-level flaws are the only ones present, the reality is there are much deeper structural issues at play here. Winchester outlines his thesis clearly and succinctly in his introduction, but fails to ever expand on any part of it in any meaningful way. It’s not for lack of trying—certainly he expends many words to add detail to his points—but all this spilled ink never adds up to much beyond what was already explained in the opening chapter. To take one example, Winchester gives some interesting background to previously-held beliefs about the Earth’s age but never manages to tie the historical context to that of Smith’s mapmaking. Interspersed throughout are references to moments from Winchester’s own life (including to the film The Titfield Thunderbolt) which he connects to England’s geological history in a manner to which I’m being too kind by calling it tenuous.
Winchester demonstrates repeatedly his skill as a writer of beautiful sentences, but unfortunately these lines never coalesce into anything greater; indeed, the final result is decidedly less than the sum of its parts.

[David · Rating 5 out of 5]

William Smith is one of those characters from the English industrial revolution who led such a fascinating life, that it is surprising that he hasn't more biographers. The only other that I have encountered is a much earlier work by John L Morton which are harder to obtain.

Many, especially the Scots, would disagree with the claim that Smith was the father of modern geology. Most, myself included, would bestow that accolade on James Hutton. However, for my money, William Smith's is a better story and of interest to those who did not previously have the slightest interest in rocks. It is the life story of much flawed character with the single-minded, stubborn determination, common to the genius irrespective of their chosen field. Give it a try, you might be.pleasantly surprised. I enjoyed it so much i even went to see the map!

[Bob Schmitz · Rating 3 out of 5]

Interesting book about someone who did change the world who I had never heard of. William Smith was the son of a farmer in England at the end of the 17th century. He was fascinated by the local rocks and the fossils that they contained from an early age. He ended up working in mines and as a surveyor and builder of canals while he collected rock samples. He noticed that he could date the rocks by the fossils found in them and that the layers of rocks in mines, canal walls and out- croppings were always in the same order throughout England where ever he found them. Smith made a map of the rocks of England which showed his brilliance. Smith’s new theory and map allowed prediction of the location of coal and other mineral deposits. This was a revolutionary new idea. At the time people believed that god had created the earth and put down the layers of rock in whatever pattern he saw fit.

Eventually, after huge setbacks, penury (debtors’ prison), theft of his ideas and maps and ridicule from the great geologist of the day (who were wealthy fossil collectors with little scientific bent), at the end of his life, he was heralded and feted as the “Father of British Geology.” Not bad for an uneducated farmer’s son.

An original of his beautiful 4’ x 8’ hand painted map hangs in the British geologic Society building in London. The colors he chose are still used today to distinguish the various layers of the earth.
“The fact that a half-educated Oxfordshire yeoman, working alone—with compass and notebook and clinometer and an abiding appreciation of the beauty and importance of fossils—could surmise with such accuracy what a thousand surveyors and professional geologist have in the decades since have only succeeded in confirming, is little short of a miracle.”

Misc:
-Jethro Tull, was not just a Rock Band of my youth but an English agriculturist from Berkshire who helped to bring about the British Agricultural Revolution. He perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1700 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later developed a horse-drawn hoe. Who knew.
-Newly invented handbags in 18th century England were call “indispendsables.”
-At the end of the 18th centurys store signs began to have writing on them instead of just a picture of the goods they sold as literacy flourished.
-English town names: Salwayash, Melplash, Haselbury Plucknett (pop 750), Ryme Intinseca, Wootton-under-Edge, Oldbury-on-the-Hill, Chipping Norton.
-quiddity: a distinctive feature, a peculiarity
-quoins: an external corner.