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102 pages, Paperback
First published April 11, 1997
An old Romanian woman keeps a keen eye on the neighborhood.![]()
The word "paradise" came out of my mouth, without thinking.
You have to have faith, especially in Cleveland.Soon the entire community starts to notice - and the little garden begins to spread and the community will be forever changed.
Rumania is an alternate spelling of Romania.
According to Wikipedia: "In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975."
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania
As an elderly person, Ana (the narrator of this chapter) would be accustomed to using the spelling she grew up with.
According to Merriam-Webster online, the term "Negro" is "dated, now sometimes offensive".
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Negro
Ana is still the narrator, and again, as an elderly person, she might be accustomed to using the terms she grew up with. In her old age, she might not understand that "Negro" is no longer an acceptable term to use to refer to African-Americans. She probably does not mean to refer to African-Americans in a belittling way, but if she said it out loud, an African-American might be offended.
These days, "African-American" and "black" are appropriate words to use. Some African-American / black people may have a preference for which term they prefer.
Sources:
https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/say-african-american-or-black-first-acknowledge-persistence-structural-racism
https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/an-african-american-or-a-black-160773
Wendell (the narrator of this chapter) is referring to Kim, who is Vietnamese. He probably does not know Kim's ethnicity, so he guesses Chinese. He probably does not mean any harm, but if he said this out loud, Kim might be offended. Vietnamese language and culture is different from Chinese language and culture. Interchanging the two perpetuates the stereotype that all Asian cultures are the same, and not worth distinguishing one from the other. Instead, if you don't know a person's exact Asian country of origin, "Asian" is the appropriate word to use.
Gonzalo (the narrator of this chapter) is referring to his great-uncle. Since Gonzalo is from Guatemala, he is probably not using "Indian" to refer to the Asian subcontinent of India. Instead, he means someone whose ancestry is native to a particular place. There is much debate about how we should refer to these peoples: Indians? American Indians? Native Americans? Indigenous? Members of these groups typically have their own preferences regarding what to call themselves. Since Gonzalo is talking about his own family, he is using the word he is most comfortable with.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy
Sam (the narrator of this chapter) studies words as a hobby, so his use of "coolie" seems particularly unexpected.
According to Merriam-Webster online, the term "coolie" is "usually offensive".
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coolie
Sam is probably using the word "coolie" to mean "unskilled laborer". However, in America, the word has derogatory connotations stemming from the xenophobic treatment of Chinese immigrants during the mid-to-late 1800s. It's probably best not to use this word casually, except in historical context, especially when speaking about a group that includes Asians.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie
See the Politico source above related to "Negro". Using "black" as a noun is a subject of debate. The same could probably be said for using "white" as a noun. Saying "black people" and "white people" would be less controversial.
Though other narrators are also immigrants, this is the only chapter written in poor English. It feels like the literary equivalent of the on-screen Asian character having an accent. This kind of representation perpetuates the "other-ing" of Asians in America.
This is an example of explicit racism. Young readers should understand this type of behavior is not acceptable. Some may need an explanation of "Massa".
Not race-related, but the implication that people who receive welfare checks are lazy is troubling. This type of classism might also be worth discussing with young readers.
According to Merriam-Webster online, the term "Oriental" is "dated, now usually offensive".
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oriental
As with the use of "Negro", Florence (the narrator of this chapter) is an elderly person who might be accustomed to using the terms she grew up with. She probably does not mean to refer to Asians in a belittling way, but if she said it out loud, an Asian person might be offended.