6 stars. Amazing book about a concept that's really important to me - making connections between disparate things. This is something i'm always telling Roman my 15 year old. Ideas, like synapses are made when we make connections between apparently disparate concepts. Here are the best bits from the book:
Many of the most successful and joyful people that I interviewed for my research appeared to intuitively cultivate a force field - a serendipity field' - that allowed them to have more positive life outcomes than others who started out under similar conditions
In 1754, the British writer and politician Horace Walpole wrote to a friend about an unexpected discovery which he compared to the story of the three princes. In doing so, he coined the word serendipity, describing the princes as people who were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of".
Serendipity is about the ability to recognize and leverage the value in unexpected encounters and information.10 Thus, it can be learned and facilitated at every step. We can develop a serendipity mindset - the capacity to identify, grasp and wield this powerful force.
Take the field of combinatorial chemistry, where manufacturing coincidences are at its very heart: tens of thousands of chemical compounds are created simultaneously and then sifted for valuable new uses.
Openness to the unexpected is key to being lucky - and to experiencing serendipity. People like Martin are lucky all or most of the time for a number of reasons, but among the most important is their ability to recognize the unexpected. This makes the unexpected more likely to be harvested - not necessarily because it happens more often, but because we start seeing serendipity once we start expecting to see it.
We all recognize this tendency in ourselves when it comes to visual images. But, in fact, it goes deeper. The larger phenomenon behind this is called 'apophenia', our tendency to attribute meaning to patterns or perceived connections that are unrelated.
One example is the work of the non-profit organization Oios que Sienten (which means "eyes that feel' in Spanish). Founded by Mexican social entrepreneur Gina Badenoch, it aims to transform the lives and role in society of the visually impaired. It does so by placing the emphasis not on their disability but on their abilities. It also invites those who are not visually impaired to consider their own abilities, which come to the fore only when their ability to see is put into question. The best-known Ojos que Sienten initiative is its dining in the dark experience, which is exactly what it sounds like. Blind waiters guide guests to their tables and the participants sit next to people they have never met before.
Charlie Munger, Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and Warren Buffett's ideas sparring partner, is renowned for his sharpness. His belief is that remembering isolated facts often does not help. Instead, we need a
"latticework of theory' to connect facts and make sense out of them.
As Richard Wiseman puts it, 'if bad things happen, take the long view'* Having realized that often the most challenging of situations can be the real treasures of life, I now ask myself for each situation that seems to be challenging, Will this really matter ten years from now? If not, why do you worry? If yes, how can you already now help shape it in a way so that it becomes a valuable learning opportunity? Whenever I need cheering up, I often think back to a quote I was introduced to by Grace Gould, founder of the School of the Digital Age (SODA). Her take on John Lennon's famous quip is: "Things tend to work out in the end - and if they haven't, it's not yet the end!"
Successful people often place a number of bets on new leas and then go with the one that feels right to them. They frequently do this while they are still working at their full-time jobs, which gives them the stability to experiment during their down-i time, which is often an important hedge against uncertainty.
The six types of Socratic questions are questions for clarification ('Why do you say that?'), questions that probe assumptions ('What could we assume instead?' "How can you verify that assumption?'), questions that probe evidence (What would be an example?), questions that question perspective ('What are the pros and cons?'), questions that probe implications (What are the consequences of this action?") and questions about the question itself (Why do we ask this question in the first place?").
My father used to say that 'whatever happens, with the right attitude we will always work it out. This always made me feel that things would be fine as long as I did something about them - and that I could do something about them.
Such eureka moments as Geneva experienced usually arise from a feeling of making sense, creating an Aha! effect.36 In cognitive psychology, it has been shown that this eureka moment occurs through a sudden gain in what's called 'processing fluency. In other words, the insights of eureka moments are evidence of people filling in gaps in their own thinking, gaps that they were not consciously aware even existed.
One example is what is known as the positive deviance approach.* This approach looks at a population (of people, companies, organizations) and identifies individual cases that deviate from the typical - in a good way. For example, if an organization's broad aspiration - its North Star - is to help a community in sub-Saharan Africa to improve the health of its families, then the strategy would be to focus on searching for families in the community that stand out as 'positive deviants' - in other words, they're particularly healthy. The underlying assumption is that those individuals will have somehow found a successful way to maintain their good health, and their approach might fit others in the community. Then you could try to understand what it is that these positive deviants are doing that might be linked to better health.
Given the choice, why on earth would we spend the majority of our life in a way that makes us unhappy and sick? Why have we focused on 'taking', while most research will tell us that giving makes us happier?
Our work at NYU and LSE has shown that, especially in resource-constrained contexts, the importance of being an agent of one's own luck, of being able to solve one's own relevant problems, the problems one cares about, becomes paramount. It permits a more dignified and joyful life, but is also a way to moderate mental health issues.
Fascinating research has shown that the willingness and motivation to engage in activities that nurture serendipity can be driven by adaptable (and trainable) traits such as proactivity, humour, openness to experience and willingness to pursue untested ideas. it is often dependent on our ability to attend to the unexpected, as well as to make unusual associations between ideas.
There is some truth in a Navy Seal's adaptation of Greek poet Archilochus's adage that in the thick of battle, you will not rise to the level of your expectations but fall to the level of your training.
Mattan Griffel, an entrepreneur and adjunct assistant professor at Columbia University, looks at it as setting thousands of little serendipity bombs'. This approach can include the practice of writing speculative emails to people we admire.
creative collisions between over 50,000 people.
You might think that the pub crawls during the event are just that. Not so. At Web Summit, they are machine-curated, and people are grouped based on their propensity to find commonalities.
The Wall Street Journal did a striking comparison between the Facebook feeds of Democrats and Republicans. The incredible self-referencing on either side reinforces belief systems and makes both parties' supporters feel confirmed and accepted - but often shuts us off from questioning our mental models and beliefs.
Grattage, for example, is a surrealist technique in which the artist flips her brush and uses the handle to scrape paint off an already painted canvas.
It's a skill Steve Jobs mastered. He famously reflected that creativity is just connecting things - and that when you ask creative people how they did something, they feel a bit guilty because they didn't really do it, they just saw something. It just seemed obvious to them after a while.
It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat.
Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his writings on anti-fragility makes a strong point: systems regenerate continuously by leveraging, rather than suffering from, unpredictable shocks and events. This is particularly important when it comes to emotions. We, often try to push away bad feelings, and see emotion as a negative in ourselves and others. But rather than avoid them, we can develop ways of dealing with negative emotions. We will never try something new if we are afraid of the negative emotions that might come with failure.
When you are in a difficult situation, imagine what your past self would have done. Often it makes you realize that you have new skills that help you cope better.
It was the early stage of an idea, one that would take another five years to be formed. He would go on to present it at numerous workshops and conferences and in one-on-one conversations to get feedback. This feedback helped him to develop the paper so that when it was finally published it was an idea worth reading about.
(reverse) Socratic method, along the following steps. First, make your mentee imagine a desired state (e.g. reconciling with a friend). Then ask, 'How/ why/what needs to happen?' Then visualize the potential paths.
Then help them believe in their dream/path, until they have a better idea of the potential puzzle pieces. Finally, ask, What would it mean now to go "all-in"?"
To get or spread an idea or opportunity across the LSE network (or any other network, for that matter), we do not need to contact everyone at the LSE. We target the key multipliers
However, well-curated interest-based communities, in the words of Fabian Pfortmüller, use weak ties as if they were strong ties. These communities combine the benefits of strong ties with the benefits of weak ties. There is a proxy trust that makes weak ties strong by affiliation.
Opening up to other groups can start with small actions. Groups that bring together people with diverse perspectives tend to nurture serendipity. But there needs to be a common denominator that helps people trust each other and have an incentive to share ideas. Diversity alone does not help if there is no glue to hold people together?
'tragedy of the commons'. This is when a shared resource such as a trusted platform is depleted and ultimately fails because no one takes responsibility for it. Many communities die because of this neglect, and many others have freeloaders who enjoy the benefits of the group without putting any work into its upkeep.
Harvard professor Amy Edmondson has shown, in her exceptional work over the last decades, how psychological safety is at the core of a healthy corporate culture and of good performance Her work gained momentum in the 1990s with a study showing that better-performing teams are ones that talk more about mistakes.
One method to help us increase psychological safety and the propensity for serendipity is the project funeral Although the phrase sounds bleak, it describes an incredibly positive process. A project is laid to rest, and those involved get to open up about how they felt, what they learned, what they gained and what they regret about the whole thing. Crucially, the funeral includes people who may not have been close to the project but who are, so to speak, paying their respects, such as project managers from other teams.
During the Second World War, two scientists invented the magnetron - a tube that produced microwaves - for use in Britain's radar system to spot Nazi warplanes. Percy Lebaron Spencer accidentally discovered that microwave energy could be used to cook food when the radar waves melted a chocolate bar in his pocket.
absorptive capacity' - being able to encounter new information and then turn it into relevant knowledge and action - is paramount.
Just like when Haie's maintenance people who were called in for repairs found that many complaints about their washing machine concerned dirt and debris collection, they realized some rural customers were using washing machines to wash root vegetables. Rather than dismiss these cases as invalid or as a worthless anomaly, Haier saw the potential value and developed a washing machine that could also process and filter vegetable dirt and debris. The potato washing machine was born
Or we can take inspiration from the ancient Greek and Venetian republics: they used random selection as a 'leveller'. Political leaders were chosen at random. They might not have been far off: recent studies have shown that random selection outperforms more sophisticated mechanisms of governance in financial markets and politics, because it is more resistant to nepotism, more robust, overcomes stereotypes and is perceived as fairer.
Take this slightly provocative example that a senior executive shared with me: 'I was in a meeting with an African president, who said, "All this bloody food help of you Western white-faces is not helpful. In the past, people were at least dying in my country.
Now you keep them alive with your carbohydrates and your stupid food help and all that stuff. And since the food help is carbohydrate-rich and not rich of vitamins and minerals, my people become ill but stay alive.