It’s been a while since I’ve read anything quite so infuriating as Louisa Hall’s autofictional novel. Hall, not surprisingly for a poet who now teaches creative writing at Iowa, is more than capable of crafting fluid, lyrical sentences, and her piece features numerous arresting images and descriptive passages. Unfortunately, I found her narrative’s perspective and underlying arguments far less palatable. Hall’s narrator’s an academic who’s fascinated by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and by aspects of Shelley’s own life, in particular Shelley’s successive pregnancies and miscarriages, which she wants to explore in her own fiction. In 1814, aged 17, Shelley ran away with poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, over the next few years she became pregnant six times, endured a near-fatal miscarriage, and was finally left with one surviving child. Interestingly there’s little to no attempt to consider Shelley in her historical context here, how far her “choices” were choices, how far dictated by society or even by lack of reliable contraception – it wasn’t until the 1850s that ‘family limitation’ became both more possible and more acceptable for women of Shelley’s class. Instead, Hall’s anonymous narrator becomes obsessed with possible parallels between her own thwarted attempts to have a child and Shelley’s experiences.
Although there are some unusually frank, even moving, depictions of the pain that can accompany childbirth, as well as the potentially traumatic aftermath of birth and miscarriage, Hall’s novel often tips towards sentimental. The story unfolds between 2018 and 2021, during Trump’s turbulent presidency and the ensuing fallout. Hall’s narrator’s hyperaware of the dystopian nature of contemporary America. Yet, despite the narrator’s conclusion that she exists in “…a strange, violent world, a world in which the waters were rising” marked by political unrest, white supremacist terrorism and the all-too-visible ravages of climate change, she never once questions the ethics of having children. Children who will grow up to navigate an increasingly devastated – and devastating – environment. The arguments for and against taking such a momentous decision are never fully or convincingly explored, which seems particularly strange in a global context where more and more people are opting out of parenthood precisely because of the kinds of issues haunting Hall’s narrator. Instead, Hall’s story falls back on an unstated gender essentialism which is presumably supposed to justify the narrator’s otherwise-inexplicable choices; often reliant on a rather sweeping set of assumptions around so-called biological imperatives which it seems we’re not expected to question. The conservatism of notions of the desire for parenthood as a given, both inevitable and necessary for self-fulfilment, are further highlighted by the narrator’s relatively privileged status: white, middle-class, cis, heterosexual, with adequate health insurance. Although social, cultural and economic factors are yet another set of frustratingly underexplored elements of the novel.
This conventional outlook manifests too in the narrator’s reading of Shelley’s work, which she views entirely through the lens of Shelley as a mother and someone who’s experienced the loss of a child. That’s not to say this is an entirely aberrant reading but it’s one reading among many of a novel that’s spawned numerous rather more sophisticated and rather more radical interpretations – none of which are entertained here. The narrator shies away from thinking through the role of the creature in Shelley’s novel, the ways in which the character might highlight issues around queerness, ‘othering’ and/or explode myths around what is/isn’t natural. Similarly, Hall’s novel touches on speciesism and its connection to climate change but doesn’t follow through, instead the narrator suddenly, and astoundingly naïvely, happens to notice that factory farming exists and recognise that it’s not good! Otherwise, the use of animals in the narrative is deeply disappointing. The narrator has a strong bond with her dog but sees him not so much as a sentient being with his own needs but as emotional support and prop for her own. She often represents their relationship as akin to the one between man and dog in Shelley’s The Last Man - I found it hard not to compare Hall’s approach unfavourably with Haushofer’s attempts to explode human/animal cultural divides in her nascent ecofeminist The Wall.
The final section of the book centres on the narrator’s troubled friendship with scientist Anna which provides a space to rework themes from Shelley. However, Anna’s story seems both forced and, ultimately, trite. Although it’s also the only part of the novel that attempts to introduce questions around nature versus culture in reproduction and birth. Overall, disappointing and irritatingly ill-conceived.
NB: I’d highly recommend my GR friend Endrju’s review for a more detailed examination of the novel’s various problematic elements.